Frequently Asked Questions
Answers prepared by Prof. Dr. Fırat Helvacıoğlu to the questions patients ask most often about cataract, smart lenses, laser eye surgery, keratoconus and other eye diseases. Below each answer is a link to the relevant detailed page.
301 questions · grouped by topic
Cataract surgery 18 questions
Cataract SurgeryTreatment page
Is cataract surgery painful?
No. The operation is performed under topical (eye-drop) anaesthesia and the eye is completely numbed. You may feel some pressure during surgery, but no pain. A short-lived gritty sensation afterwards is normal.
Will I be put to sleep for cataract surgery?
Usually not. Topical anaesthesia is sufficient and the patient stays awake. Mild sedation can be given if needed; other anaesthetic methods are planned in special cases.
How long does cataract surgery take?
The operation usually takes 10–20 minutes. Including preparation and a short observation period afterwards, you spend a few hours at the clinic and go home the same day.
Can a cataract come back?
No. The removed natural lens does not grow back. However, in some patients the membrane behind the lens becomes cloudy months or years later (secondary cataract); this is cleared with a YAG laser procedure lasting a few minutes.
Does the implanted lens last a lifetime?
Yes. Intraocular lenses are permanent, need no replacement or maintenance, and under normal circumstances remain in the eye for life.
Will I need glasses after surgery?
It depends on the type of lens implanted. With a monofocal lens, reading glasses are usually needed for near vision; with trifocal (smart) lenses most patients see without glasses in daily life. We evaluate the options together during your consultation.
Can both eyes be operated on the same day?
Usually the eyes are operated on separate days, a few days to a few weeks apart. This allows us to see how the first eye heals and to plan the second eye accordingly.
Can I have cataract surgery in summer?
Yes. Cataract surgery can be performed in any season. In summer you only need to avoid swimming pools and the sea during the first weeks, wear sunglasses and protect the eye from dust and sweat.
When can I drive after cataract surgery?
This depends on your visual acuity and your follow-up examination. Many patients can return to driving within a few days, but this decision should be made after the check-up.
Rising Prescription Years After Laser Surgery: Could It Be Cataract?Blog article
Can someone who has had laser eye surgery have cataract surgery?
Yes. Cataract surgery can be performed safely in eyes that have had laser surgery. The difference is that the intraocular lens power is calculated with special formulas.
More: Rising Prescription Years After Laser Surgery: Could It Be Cataract? →
Why have I become myopic again after laser surgery?
Changes in the corneal surface, elongation of the eye or an early cataract may be the cause. In myopia that increases rapidly after the age of 45–50, and when vision does not improve with glasses, cataract is one of the first causes to consider.
More: Rising Prescription Years After Laser Surgery: Could It Be Cataract? →
Can a smart lens be implanted in an eye that has had laser surgery?
In selected patients, yes. The corneal map must be regular, the laser zone must be centred and the macula must be healthy.
More: Rising Prescription Years After Laser Surgery: Could It Be Cataract? →
Why are my old laser surgery records important?
Your prescription and corneal measurements from before laser surgery can be used to improve the accuracy of the intraocular lens calculation. If you have these documents, it is helpful to bring them to your consultation.
More: Rising Prescription Years After Laser Surgery: Could It Be Cataract? →
What happens if a residual prescription remains after cataract surgery?
Small residual prescriptions are often too small to require glasses. If necessary, and if the cornea is suitable, a fine-tuning surface laser can be performed.
More: Rising Prescription Years After Laser Surgery: Could It Be Cataract? →
Can Cataract Surgery Be Done in Summer?Blog article
When can I swim in the sea after cataract surgery?
Usually after a few weeks, once the incision has been seen to have healed at a check-up. Your doctor will set the exact time at your follow-up.
Can I go out in the sun after cataract surgery?
Yes, you can continue your daily life. Wearing UV-protective sunglasses outdoors reduces glare and protects the eye from dust and wind.
Can I fly after cataract surgery?
Cataract surgery is generally not a barrier to air travel. You only need to plan your journey so that you do not miss your first check-ups.
Is it better to have surgery in winter?
No, there is no difference in terms of the success of surgery. The best time is when your vision starts to limit your daily life and you can attend your check-ups regularly.
Smart lenses and intraocular lenses (ICL) 40 questions
Smart Lens SurgeryTreatment page
Does a smart lens last a lifetime?
Yes. A smart lens is a permanent lens implanted inside the eye; it does not wear out, needs no maintenance and, under normal circumstances, remains in the eye for life.
Will I never need glasses after smart lens surgery?
With trifocal lenses, the great majority of suitable patients see without glasses in daily life. Some patients may occasionally use reading glasses for very small print or prolonged near work; this depends on the lens type.
Do halos go away after smart lens surgery?
In most patients, yes. As the brain gets used to the new lens, halos usually decrease markedly within 3–6 months. In the rare cases where they persist and are bothersome, treatment options are available.
Who should not have a smart lens?
In patients with macular disease, advanced glaucoma or an irregular cornea, and in those whose expectations are not suitable, monofocal or EDOF lenses may be preferred instead of a multifocal lens. The decision is made after the examination and measurements.
Can I have a smart lens without a cataract?
Yes. Refractive lens exchange can be performed in people over 45 who use reading glasses and have a high prescription. In younger patients, laser eye surgery or an ICL is usually the more suitable option.
Can a smart lens be implanted in a patient with keratoconus?
It depends on the stage of keratoconus and the regularity of the cornea. In advanced keratoconus with an irregular cornea, multifocal lenses are generally not recommended because they can reduce visual quality; in stable, mild cases toric lenses may be considered.
Is smart lens surgery painful?
No. The operation is performed under topical anaesthesia and no pain is felt. A brief gritty sensation may occur afterwards.
Can a smart lens be removed if necessary?
Yes. In very rare cases, such as persistent and bothersome light phenomena, the smart lens can be removed and exchanged for a different lens.
Can smart lenses be implanted in both eyes on the same day?
The eyes are usually operated on a few days to a few weeks apart. This allows the result in the first eye to be assessed and the second eye to be planned accordingly.
Phakic Intraocular Lens (ICL)Treatment page
What is an ICL (phakic intraocular lens)?
An ICL is a thin, flexible intraocular lens placed between the iris and the natural lens, which is left in place, to correct myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. No corneal tissue is removed.
Up to what prescription can an ICL be used?
ICLs are preferred particularly for high myopia beyond the safe limits of laser surgery, but they can also be used for moderate prescriptions. The exact limit is determined by your eye measurements.
Can an ICL be removed?
Yes. An ICL stays in place permanently, but it can be surgically removed or exchanged if necessary. If a cataract develops later in life, the lens can be removed and cataract surgery performed.
Which is better, ICL or laser?
For people with a suitable cornea and a prescription within laser limits, laser surgery is a good option. If the prescription is high or the cornea is unsuitable for laser, the ICL comes to the fore. The decision is based on the examination and measurements.
Can I feel the ICL in my eye?
No. The lens sits behind the iris; it is not visible from the outside, cannot be felt and needs no maintenance.
How long do I need to stay in Istanbul for ICL surgery?
This depends on your measurements and on whether the lens needs to be ordered after your examination. Your plan, including the length of stay, is prepared individually after your reports have been reviewed.
EDOF LensTreatment page
What is the difference between an EDOF lens and a trifocal lens?
An EDOF lens provides a continuous range of clear vision from distance to intermediate, whereas a trifocal lens splits light into three foci: distance, intermediate and near. Distance vision is similar with both; trifocal lenses perform better for near vision.
Will I need reading glasses with an EDOF lens?
Many patients can manage everyday near tasks without glasses, but thin reading glasses may be needed for very small print or prolonged reading. This need can be reduced with mini-monovision.
Does an EDOF lens cause halos?
Halos or glare around lights at night may be noticed, particularly in the first months, and usually diminish over time. Comparative studies have not shown a significant difference between EDOF and trifocal lenses in this respect.
Does an EDOF lens correct astigmatism?
Yes. Astigmatism can be corrected in the same operation by using the toric model of the EDOF lens.
Does an EDOF lens last a lifetime?
Yes. Intraocular lenses are permanent and do not deteriorate. In the rare event that it becomes necessary, the lens can be exchanged.
Can I travel to Istanbul for EDOF lens surgery?
Yes. After reviewing your eye reports sent via WhatsApp, a treatment plan is prepared. Surgery on both eyes can usually be completed within about one week, and follow-up can then continue with your own ophthalmologist.
Toric LensTreatment page
What is a toric lens?
A toric lens is an intraocular lens implanted during cataract or smart lens surgery that corrects astigmatism. It has different refractive power in different meridians and is aligned with the axis of the corneal astigmatism.
Can astigmatism be corrected during cataract surgery?
Yes. In patients with significant regular corneal astigmatism, astigmatism can be corrected during cataract surgery with a toric intraocular lens.
Can a toric lens rotate out of position?
Current toric lenses are very stable; meta-analyses have found a mean rotation of about 2–3 degrees. In the rare event of significant rotation, the lens can be repositioned to the correct axis with a short procedure.
Is a toric lens a smart lens?
Toric is a design feature. Toric versions of monofocal, EDOF and trifocal lenses are available; toric EDOF and toric trifocal lenses both correct astigmatism and function as smart lenses.
Can a toric lens be implanted in keratoconus?
It depends on the stage of keratoconus and the regularity of the cornea. In mild, stable keratoconus a toric lens may be considered with careful measurements; in advanced keratoconus with an irregular cornea it is generally not recommended.
How long should I stay in Istanbul for toric lens surgery?
For one eye, a few days including the pre-operative examination and next-day check are usually sufficient; for both eyes, we recommend about one week. The exact plan is made after your reports have been reviewed.
Can Intraocular Lenses Be Replaced?Blog article
Can the lens implanted during cataract surgery be replaced?
Yes, it can be replaced if necessary. However, because the lens does not deteriorate, this is rarely needed; the most common reasons are an unexpectedly high residual prescription and failure to adapt to a multifocal lens.
I am not happy with my smart lens — what should I do?
First, the cause of your complaint should be investigated. Causes such as dry eye, posterior capsule opacification or a small residual prescription can be resolved with simple treatments. In the first months, the brain also needs time to adapt to the new vision.
How long should I wait before a lens exchange?
Adaptation to multifocal lenses can take a few months. If complaints persist nonetheless, the exchange is planned, if possible, within the first months, before the capsule has become firm.
Does an intraocular lens last a lifetime?
Yes. Intraocular lenses do not wear out and do not need to be replaced.
Can I have my lens replaced to switch to a newly released lens?
Replacing a lens in a well-seeing, problem-free eye just for a newer model is not recommended; the risks of surgery outweigh the benefit to be gained.
Can You Have a Smart Lens Without a Cataract?Blog article
Can a smart lens be implanted without a cataract?
Yes. This is called clear lens exchange. It is a good option particularly for people over 40–45 with declining near vision and for those with hyperopia.
At what age is a smart lens implanted?
It is generally considered after the age of 40–45, when near vision starts to decline. At younger ages the eye’s lens can still accommodate, so options such as laser or ICL come to the fore.
Can I develop a cataract after a smart lens?
No. A cataract is the clouding of the natural lens; because the lens is removed, a cataract cannot develop in that eye. Years later, the membrane behind the lens may become cloudy (secondary cataract); this is cleared with a YAG laser procedure lasting a few minutes.
Why do people with hyperopia prefer a smart lens to laser?
The amount of hyperopia that can be corrected with laser is limited, and laser does not solve the near-vision problem that appears after 40. A smart lens corrects distance and near vision together in a single operation.
Trifocal or EDOF? Choosing a Smart LensBlog article
Can I drive at night with a trifocal lens?
Yes, the great majority of patients can drive at night. Halos around headlights may be seen in the first months; the brain usually adapts to this within 6 months. If you drive at night for very long periods, an EDOF lens may be more suitable.
Can I read a book with an EDOF lens?
With new-generation EDOF lenses, most patients can read their phone and normal-sized print. Thin reading glasses may sometimes be needed for very small print and prolonged near reading; mini-monovision planning can reduce this need.
Are halos permanent?
In most patients they decrease markedly over time; this adaptation process is called neuroadaptation and is usually complete within 6 months. In a small number of patients complaints may persist; in that case an assessment is made and additional solutions are applied if necessary.
Can a smart lens be replaced later?
It can be replaced if necessary, but this is not an operation performed because “a new model has come out”. In situations such as intolerable visual complaints or a significant refractive surprise, it is performed carefully while preserving the capsule.
Laser eye surgery 59 questions
Laser Eye SurgeryTreatment page
How long does laser eye surgery take?
The laser itself is applied for only seconds; the whole procedure for both eyes usually takes 15–20 minutes. After a brief check, patients go home the same day.
Is laser eye surgery painful?
No pain is felt during surgery thanks to anaesthetic drops. A few hours of burning may occur after SMILE Pro and Femto-LASIK; after surface treatments such as No Touch, grittiness and watering are more pronounced for the first 2–3 days.
Can my prescription come back after laser surgery?
In patients with a stable prescription, the result is largely permanent. A small number of patients may develop a minor prescription over time; if the cornea is suitable, an enhancement can be performed.
At what age can I have laser eye surgery?
You must be at least 18 and your prescription must have been stable for the past year. After 40, as near vision declines, a smart lens may also be considered instead of laser.
How long should I stay in Istanbul for laser eye surgery?
The pre-operative assessment and surgery can be completed within a few days. After SMILE Pro and Femto-LASIK, we recommend staying about 3–4 days for the post-operative checks; after No Touch, about 5–7 days until the surface layer has healed. Most patients can return to desk work within 1–2 days after SMILE Pro and Femto-LASIK.
Which method is best?
No single method is best for everyone. Visual outcomes are broadly similar; your corneal thickness, prescription, occupation and dry eye status determine the most suitable method.
Femto-LASIK (iLASIK)Treatment page
What is the difference between Femto-LASIK and LASIK?
In both, a thin flap is created in the cornea and the prescription is corrected with the excimer laser. In Femto-LASIK, the flap is created with a femtosecond laser instead of a microkeratome, which is why it is also called all-laser LASIK.
What is iLASIK?
iLASIK is the name of the Femto-LASIK procedure in which a femtosecond laser–created flap is combined with an excimer laser treatment personalised according to a wavefront measurement of the eye.
Is Femto-LASIK painful?
The operation is performed under topical anaesthesia and no pain is felt. Mild burning and watering may occur for a few hours after surgery.
When will I start to see after Femto-LASIK?
Vision usually clears markedly by the next day; most patients return to daily life and desk work within 1–2 days.
Femto-LASIK or SMILE Pro?
Visual outcomes are similar. Femto-LASIK can be used across a wider range of prescriptions, including hyperopia; because SMILE Pro has no flap, it may have advantages for people prone to dry eye and for contact sports.
Is the result of Femto-LASIK permanent?
In correctly selected patients with a stable prescription, the result is permanent. Difficulty with near vision that appears in the 40s (presbyopia) is a separate, age-related condition.
No Touch LaserTreatment page
Is No Touch laser painful?
No pain is felt during the procedure. Until the surface layer heals, burning, grittiness and watering may occur for the first 2–3 days; this period is controlled with drops and painkillers.
How many days should I rest after No Touch?
The surface layer usually closes in 3–4 days. Most patients can return to desk work within 4–7 days.
Can keratoconus be treated with No Touch laser?
Keratoconus is not treated with laser alone. However, in selected patients, a personalised No Touch treatment can be combined with cross-linking, which strengthens the cornea.
No Touch laser or LASIK?
Visual outcomes are similar. Because there is no flap, No Touch has advantages in thin corneas and where there is a risk of trauma; with LASIK, vision clears more quickly and there is less discomfort in the first days.
When can I drive after No Touch?
Once your visual acuity is sufficient and you have been cleared at a follow-up examination; usually within one week.
PRK LaserTreatment page
Is PRK laser painful?
No pain is felt during the procedure. Until the surface layer heals, burning, grittiness and watering may occur for the first 2–3 days; this period is controlled with drops and painkillers.
What is the difference between PRK and No Touch?
Both are flapless surface treatments. In PRK, the surface layer is softened with alcohol and removed with a special instrument; in No Touch, this layer is also removed by the laser in a single step, without any instrument touching the eye.
How many days should I rest after PRK?
The surface layer usually closes in 3–5 days. Most patients can return to desk work within about one week.
Which is better, PRK or LASIK?
Long-term visual outcomes are similar. Because there is no flap, PRK has advantages in thin corneas and where there is a risk of trauma; with LASIK, vision clears more quickly and there is less discomfort in the first days.
When can I drive after PRK?
Once your visual acuity is sufficient and you have been cleared at a follow-up examination; usually within 1–2 weeks.
Can I go out in the sun after PRK?
Yes, but wearing UV-protective sunglasses during the first months is recommended to reduce the risk of corneal haze.
Q-LASIK Laser Eye TreatmentTreatment page
What does the “Q” in Q-LASIK stand for?
“Q” stands for quick visual recovery. Because the flap is created with the ML7 LASIK system in 7 seconds with low suction, very little corneal oedema develops; in most patients vision is at 80–90% immediately after surgery and clears within 5–6 hours.
How does Q-LASIK differ from other LASIK procedures?
The difference lies not in the excimer laser used but in how the flap is created. The ML7 LASIK system can create the flap very quickly, with low suction, hinged temporally, nasally or superiorly. As a result, less corneal oedema develops, a temporal incision reduces dry eye symptoms and vision clears faster.
How long does Q-LASIK take?
The total procedure time for both eyes is about 10–15 minutes. The flap is created in about 7 seconds, and the laser is applied for seconds.
Is Q-LASIK painful?
The operation is performed under topical anaesthesia and no pain is felt. Watering, burning and light sensitivity may occur for a few hours afterwards; grittiness and watering are much less than after surface treatments.
When can I return to normal life after Q-LASIK?
Vision clears within 5–6 hours; most patients can return to daily life and desk work the next day after their check-up.
I have a thin cornea — can I have Q-LASIK?
If corneal topography is regular, Q-LASIK may be suitable for some patients with borderline corneal thickness. The decision is made by evaluating corneal thickness, tomography and the percent tissue altered (PTA) together. If it is not suitable, No Touch or an implantable lens may be recommended.
Q-LASIK or No Touch?
In eyes with suitable corneal structure, Q-LASIK offers faster and more comfortable recovery. For thin corneas, contact sports or occupations with a risk of trauma, No Touch may be preferable.
Can someone with keratoconus have Q-LASIK?
No. Keratoconus is a contraindication to laser treatment. In these patients, disease progression is halted with cross-linking; for vision, special contact lenses or, in suitable patients, an implantable lens (ICL) are considered.
Is the result of Q-LASIK permanent?
In correctly selected patients with a stable prescription, the result is permanent. Difficulty with near vision that appears in the 40s (presbyopia) is a separate, age-related condition.
SMILE Pro LaserTreatment page
How long does SMILE Pro take?
The laser is applied for less than 10 seconds per eye. Including preparation, the procedure for both eyes usually takes 15–20 minutes.
Is SMILE Pro painful?
No pain is felt during surgery; only a brief sensation of pressure may occur. Mild burning and watering for a few hours after surgery are normal.
When can I return to work after SMILE Pro?
Most patients can return to daily life and desk work the next day. For strenuous and contact sports, wait for the period recommended by your surgeon.
Can SMILE Pro correct hyperopia?
SMILE Pro has been approved in Europe for hyperopia, but clinical data are still limited. Femto-LASIK or No Touch is generally preferred for hyperopia.
Can my prescription come back after SMILE Pro?
In patients with a stable prescription, the result is permanent. A very small number of patients may need an enhancement; in that case, the appropriate method is determined by examination.
Which is better, SMILE Pro or LASIK?
Visual outcomes are similar. The advantages of SMILE Pro are the absence of a flap and less dry eye in the first months; with LASIK, vision clears more quickly and there is more experience in hyperopia.
Topography- and Wavefront-Guided LaserTreatment page
Can personalised laser treatment be performed in keratoconus?
In stage 1–3 keratoconus, corneal wavefront-guided TransPRK and cross-linking can be combined in the same session, aiming both to regularise the cornea and to halt disease progression. Corneal thickness and stage must be suitable.
What is topography-guided laser?
It is a personalised laser treatment planned according to a surface map of the cornea derived from thousands of points. It aims to correct corneal irregularities together with the spectacle prescription.
What is the difference between wavefront- and topography-guided treatment?
Topography-guided treatment is based solely on the surface map of the cornea, whereas wavefront-guided treatment is based on the aberrations of the eye’s entire optical system, including the cornea and crystalline lens.
Does everyone need personalised laser treatment?
No. In many patients with a regular cornea, standard or wavefront-optimised treatment gives excellent results. Personalised treatment is particularly beneficial for irregular corneas, enhancements after previous surgery and eyes in which refractive and corneal astigmatism do not match.
Can irregularities left by previous laser surgery be corrected?
If the cornea is thick enough, irregularities caused by decentred or small-zone treatments can often be reduced with topography-guided treatment. The decision is made after detailed measurements.
Which method is used for personalised treatment?
Personalised planning can be delivered with surface treatments such as PRK and No Touch, or with LASIK. The appropriate one is determined by corneal thickness and the type of irregularity.
Which Laser Method Is Best?Blog article
Which is better, SMILE Pro or LASIK?
In a suitable patient, the visual outcomes of the two methods are similar. Because SMILE Pro does not create a flap, it has advantages for people who play contact sports and in terms of corneal biomechanical strength; Femto-LASIK can be used across a wider range of prescriptions, including hyperopia. The choice is based on corneal measurements.
Why does No Touch laser take longer to heal?
With surface lasers, the outermost layer of the cornea (epithelium) regenerates. This takes 3–4 days, during which a protective lens is worn and there may be grittiness and watering. Vision clears within 1–2 weeks.
Which method causes the least dry eye?
Dryness can occur in the first months with any method. With flapless surface lasers and SMILE, the corneal nerves are less affected, so dryness is usually milder than with LASIK. In eyes with pre-existing dryness, this is taken into account when choosing the method.
Can I choose the method myself?
Your preferences and lifestyle are always taken into account. However, the final decision is made together, from among the methods that are safe for your eye according to the measurements.
What is the best age for laser eye surgery?
It can usually be performed after the age of 18 if the prescription has been stable for at least a year. Because near vision will change after 40, planning takes this into account; in some patients a smart lens may be more suitable.
What to Expect After Laser Eye SurgeryBlog article
When can I return to work after laser surgery?
After Femto-LASIK, Q-LASIK and SMILE Pro, most patients can return to desk work after the check-up the following day. After No Touch and PRK, rest is usually needed until the protective lens is removed, that is, for 3–4 days.
When can I swim in the sea or a pool after laser surgery?
Usually after 1–2 weeks. With surface lasers, this period starts after the protective lens has been removed. Your doctor will set the exact time at your follow-up.
Is there pain after laser surgery?
With flap-based and lenticule methods, there is mild burning and watering in the first hours, and most people are comfortable the next day. With surface lasers, grittiness and burning are more pronounced for the first 3–4 days; painkillers and cold compresses provide relief.
Can I use my phone and computer after laser surgery?
Yes, for short periods with frequent breaks. Because blinking decreases while looking at a screen, dryness may increase; use your artificial tear drops regularly.
Can my prescription come back after laser surgery?
In most eyes the result is permanent. In some eyes a small prescription may remain or return over time; if the cornea is suitable, a second correction can be performed.
Can Your Prescription Return After Laser? Can Laser Be Repeated?Blog article
Can the prescription come back after laser eye surgery?
In most patients the result is permanent. In some eyes — particularly with high prescriptions, hyperopia or astigmatism — a small prescription may remain or return over the years.
More: Can Your Prescription Return After Laser? Can Laser Be Repeated? →
How many months after laser surgery can it be repeated?
Usually the first 6 months are allowed for the prescription to settle. If the prescription is stable and the cornea is suitable, a second correction can be planned.
More: Can Your Prescription Return After Laser? Can Laser Be Repeated? →
Is it harmful to have laser surgery twice?
When corneal thickness and topography are suitable, a second correction can be performed safely. If the cornea has thinned or there are signs of ectasia, laser surgery is not repeated.
More: Can Your Prescription Return After Laser? Can Laser Be Repeated? →
My vision deteriorated 10 years after laser surgery — why?
It may be due to changes in the corneal surface, elongation of the eye, an early cataract or the decline in near vision after 40. For the right treatment, the cause must first be identified by examination.
More: Can Your Prescription Return After Laser? Can Laser Be Repeated? →
What is done if a prescription remains after SMILE?
In most cases, a surface correction (No Touch or PRK) is performed. The decision is based on corneal measurements.
More: Can Your Prescription Return After Laser? Can Laser Be Repeated? →
Refractive errors: myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia 42 questions
Refractive Errors and Their TreatmentTreatment page
Are refractive errors hereditary?
Genetic predisposition is important in refractive errors, particularly myopia; myopia is more common in children whose parents are myopic. Environmental factors such as near work and spending little time outdoors also play a role.
Can a prescription correct itself?
Usually not. The prescription may increase in childhood and adolescence and becomes stable in adulthood. Presbyopia is added with age, and cataract can also change the prescription later in life.
Does wearing glasses make the prescription worse?
No. Glasses with the correct prescription do not increase it; an uncorrected error, on the other hand, can lead to lazy eye in children and eye strain and headaches in adults.
At what age can laser surgery be performed?
You must be at least 18 and your prescription must have been stable for at least a year. After 40, as near vision declines, the treatment plan is made accordingly.
How do I find out which treatment is right for me?
After a detailed eye examination, refraction and corneal measurements, the decision is made by considering your age, prescription, corneal structure and expectations together.
Astigmatism TreatmentTreatment page
Can astigmatism be corrected with laser?
Yes. Regular astigmatism can be corrected with SMILE Pro, No Touch or LASIK in suitable patients. Irregular astigmatism may require personalised (topography/wavefront-guided) treatment.
Up to what level can astigmatism be corrected?
The limit depends on corneal thickness and the chosen method. Astigmatism too high for laser can be corrected with a toric ICL or a toric intraocular lens.
Can contact lenses be worn with astigmatism?
Yes. Toric soft lenses can be used for regular astigmatism, and rigid, hybrid or scleral lenses for high or irregular astigmatism. The doctor determines the suitable lens at the examination.
Does astigmatism increase over time?
Regular astigmatism usually remains similar throughout life, although its axis may change with age. Astigmatism that increases rapidly over a short period should be assessed for keratoconus.
Can astigmatism be corrected during cataract surgery?
Yes. Astigmatism can also be corrected during cataract surgery with a toric intraocular lens.
Hyperopia TreatmentTreatment page
Does hyperopia go away with age?
Mild hyperopia in children may decrease with growth. In adults it does not go away; on the contrary, latent hyperopia is revealed as focusing power declines, and after the 40s the need for glasses for both near and distance may increase.
Can hyperopia be corrected with laser?
Yes. Low to moderate hyperopia can be corrected with laser in adults with a stable prescription and a suitable cornea. In high hyperopia and over the age of 45, refractive lens exchange with a smart lens is often the more suitable option.
Are hyperopia and presbyopia the same thing?
No. Hyperopia is a refractive error arising from the structure of the eye and can occur at any age. Presbyopia is the near-vision problem that appears in the 40s as the eye’s lens loses its flexibility. People with hyperopia notice presbyopia earlier.
What happens if a hyperopic child does not wear glasses?
If high hyperopia, or hyperopia that differs between the eyes, is not corrected, an eye turn (strabismus) and lazy eye may develop. The need for glasses is determined by a paediatric ophthalmologist after a cycloplegic examination.
Can contact lenses be used for hyperopia?
Yes. Soft, toric or multifocal contact lenses can be used. The doctor determines the suitable lens type and power at the examination.
Myopia TreatmentTreatment page
Up to what prescription can myopia be corrected with laser?
The exact limit varies from person to person depending on corneal thickness and structure. Laser gives excellent results in low and moderate myopia; in high myopia, if the cornea is insufficient, a phakic intraocular lens (ICL) is preferred.
Does myopia progress?
Myopia usually increases during childhood and adolescence and becomes stable in most people in their 20s. In children, the rate of progression can be slowed with myopia control methods.
Can myopia come back after laser surgery?
In people with a stable prescription, the result is largely permanent. A small number of patients may develop a minor prescription over time; if the cornea is suitable, an enhancement can be performed.
Why should people with high myopia have regular retinal examinations?
As the eye elongates, the retina thins and the risk of retinal tears/detachment increases. This risk persists even if the prescription is corrected surgically, so regular retinal examinations are important.
My child’s myopia is increasing — what should I do?
Have your child’s eyes examined. Methods such as spending more time outdoors, low-dose atropine drops or myopia control lenses can slow the increase in prescription.
Presbyopia TreatmentTreatment page
At what age does presbyopia begin?
It is usually noticed around the ages of 40–45 and progresses slowly until the 60s.
Do people with myopia get presbyopia?
Yes. Because myopic people can see near objects by taking off their glasses, they may notice it later; however, presbyopia develops in everyone.
Can presbyopia be treated with laser?
Laser monovision or corneal modulation can be performed in suitable patients. For people over 45 who wear glasses for both distance and near, refractive lens exchange with a smart lens is often a more lasting solution.
Does wearing reading glasses make the eyes lazy?
No. Reading glasses do not accelerate presbyopia; they simply allow you to see comfortably at near.
Does a smart lens correct presbyopia permanently?
Because the smart lens replaces the natural lens, its effect is permanent and a cataract will not develop in the future. Suitability is determined with detailed measurements.
Do You Have Astigmatism? A Simple Test You Can Do at HomeBlog article
How can I tell if I have astigmatism at home?
Cover one eye and look at a figure made of radiating lines. If some lines look darker or sharper than others, you may have astigmatism. An eye examination is needed for a definitive diagnosis.
More: Do You Have Astigmatism? A Simple Test You Can Do at Home →
Does astigmatism go away on its own?
In adults, astigmatism usually does not go away on its own. Astigmatism seen in babies may decrease with growth.
More: Do You Have Astigmatism? A Simple Test You Can Do at Home →
Does astigmatism progress?
Most astigmatism remains stable for years. Astigmatism that increases in adulthood can be a sign of corneal diseases such as keratoconus and should be investigated.
More: Do You Have Astigmatism? A Simple Test You Can Do at Home →
Can astigmatism cause headaches?
Uncorrected astigmatism can cause eye strain and headaches, especially after prolonged reading or screen use.
More: Do You Have Astigmatism? A Simple Test You Can Do at Home →
How People With Hyperopia See Throughout LifeBlog article
Does a hyperopic child need glasses?
If the prescription is high, if there is a difference between the two eyes or if there is an associated squint, glasses are needed to prevent and treat lazy eye. For mild prescriptions, the decision is based on the examination.
Why do people with hyperopia need reading glasses early?
Because a hyperopic eye also uses focusing effort for distance, its near vision deteriorates earlier than that of peers once this focusing power starts to decline.
Is there a risk of glaucoma in hyperopic eyes?
In hyperopic eyes the anterior chamber angle may be narrow, which can increase the risk of angle-closure glaucoma. This angle is assessed at regular examinations.
How People With Myopia See Throughout Life, and What to Watch ForBlog article
Until what age does myopia progress?
It can progress until the early 20s, when eye growth stops. A prescription that increases rapidly after this age should be investigated for other causes.
More: How People With Myopia See Throughout Life, and What to Watch For →
Does wearing glasses make myopia worse?
No. Glasses with the correct prescription do not increase myopia. Wearing under-corrected glasses or no glasses at all does not slow progression in children.
More: How People With Myopia See Throughout Life, and What to Watch For →
Can my child’s myopia be stopped?
It is not always possible to stop it completely, but low-dose atropine drops, myopia control spectacle lenses and spending time outdoors can slow its progression.
More: How People With Myopia See Throughout Life, and What to Watch For →
At what age can people with myopia have laser surgery?
Usually after the age of 18, if the prescription has not changed significantly for at least a year. Corneal measurements must also be suitable.
More: How People With Myopia See Throughout Life, and What to Watch For →
I have had laser surgery — do I still need retinal check-ups?
Yes. Laser corrects the prescription at the cornea but does not change the structure of the eye. People with high myopia should have regular retinal check-ups.
More: How People With Myopia See Throughout Life, and What to Watch For →
What You Can Do When Your Near Vision DeclinesBlog article
At what age does presbyopia begin?
It is usually noticed between the ages of 40 and 45. It becomes noticeable earlier in people with hyperopia and later in people with myopia.
Can presbyopia be corrected with laser?
Partly. Near vision can be improved with laser monovision or mini-monovision; however, because the eye’s lens continues to age, near vision may decline again over the years.
Is monovision suitable for everyone?
No. Some people cannot adapt to the difference between the two eyes. It is therefore recommended to try monovision with contact lenses before deciding.
Do reading glasses make the eyes lazy?
No. Reading glasses do not accelerate the progression of presbyopia; they simply help you focus at near.
For whom is a smart lens the first choice?
Particularly for people over 45 with hyperopia who wear glasses for distance and near, and for people whose lens has started to develop a cataract.
Keratoconus treatment 33 questions
Keratoconus TreatmentTreatment page
Does keratoconus cause blindness?
Keratoconus does not usually cause complete blindness. However, if left untreated, vision can decrease severely and a corneal transplant may be needed in the advanced stage. With early diagnosis and cross-linking, progression can be halted in the great majority of patients.
Can keratoconus be treated with laser?
Conventional laser eye surgery (such as LASIK) is not performed in keratoconic eyes, as it can accelerate the disease. However, in selected mild to moderate cases, a personalised, low-dose No Touch laser treatment can be combined with cross-linking, which strengthens the cornea.
At what age does keratoconus stop progressing?
The disease usually begins in adolescence and may progress into the 30s and 40s; the rate of progression varies from person to person. Regular measurements should therefore be performed regardless of age.
Is keratoconus hereditary?
Genetic predisposition plays an important role. The parents, siblings and children of someone with keratoconus are advised to undergo corneal screening.
Can keratoconus patients wear contact lenses?
Yes. Soft lenses in the early stage, and rigid (RGP) or scleral lenses in more advanced stages, can markedly improve vision. However, lenses do not halt progression; if the disease is progressing, cross-linking is needed.
Which lens is best for keratoconus?
There is no single best lens. Specialty soft lenses stand out in the early stage, rigid (RGP) or hybrid lenses in mild to moderate stages, and scleral lenses in advanced stages and steep cones. Your doctor decides which lens is suitable at the consultation, based on corneal tomography, your tear film and your daily wearing habits.
What is a hybrid lens, and who is it suitable for in keratoconus?
A hybrid lens is a contact lens with a rigid gas-permeable centre and a soft outer part. It combines rigid-lens-quality vision with comfort close to that of a soft lens. It is a good option for patients with mild to moderate keratoconus who cannot adapt to rigid lenses, whose rigid lenses decentre or fall out, and especially those with central cones.
Hybrid lens or scleral lens?
Hybrid lenses are generally more successful for central, mild to moderate cones, while scleral lenses are generally more successful for steep, advanced or inferior cones. Your doctor decides which is suitable at the consultation, based on corneal tomography.
What is a scleral lens, and who is it for?
A scleral lens is a large-diameter rigid lens that rests on the white of the eye without touching the cornea. The fluid layer beneath it neutralises corneal irregularity and protects the cornea. It is used in advanced keratoconus, in patients who cannot tolerate rigid lenses, and in irregular corneas after ring segments or transplantation.
Is keratoconus treatment painful?
The procedures are performed under topical anaesthesia and no pain is felt during them. After cross-linking and combined treatments in which the surface layer is removed, grittiness, watering and light sensitivity may occur for the first 2–3 days.
CAIRS and Corneal Ring SegmentsTreatment page
Can corneal ring segments be removed?
Yes. If necessary, the ring segments can be removed or their position and size changed; the cornea usually returns close to its previous shape.
Can I feel the ring after it is implanted?
Because the ring sits in the deep layers of the cornea, it cannot be felt and is usually not noticeable from the outside.
Is donor tissue for CAIRS safe?
CAIRS segments are prepared from eye bank tissue that has undergone standard testing, the same tissue used in corneal transplantation. Because the tissue remains within the cornea, the risk of rejection is very low compared with a conventional transplant.
Do ring segments halt the progression of keratoconus?
No. Ring segments correct the shape of the cornea and improve vision, but they do not halt progression. In progressive disease, they are combined with cross-linking.
Can I wear contact lenses after corneal ring segments?
Yes. Because the ring flattens the cornea, lenses fit more comfortably and are better tolerated in many patients.
Corneal Cross-Linking (CXL)Treatment page
Does cross-linking correct vision?
The aim of CXL is not to correct vision but to halt the progression of keratoconus. Some patients experience slight improvement; the remaining prescription is corrected with glasses, lenses or combined treatments.
How often does cross-linking need to be done?
In most patients a single treatment is sufficient and its effect lasts for many years. If progression continues at follow-up, the treatment can be repeated.
When can I wear contact lenses after CXL?
Once the surface layer has healed and the cornea has stabilised; the decision is usually made at a follow-up visit within 1–3 months.
Is epi-on (epithelium-on) CXL better?
The epi-on method causes less pain and heals faster, but its effectiveness in halting progression has generally been found to be lower than that of the standard epi-off method. The choice is made according to the patient’s condition.
Should my child have cross-linking?
Keratoconus can progress faster in children. When progression is detected, early CXL reduces the future risk of vision loss and corneal transplantation.
Combined CXL and No Touch LaserTreatment page
Can No Touch laser be used alone in keratoconus?
No. Applying laser alone to a keratoconic cornea can accelerate the disease. In keratoconus, No Touch laser is applied only in combination with cross-linking in the same session, and at a limited dose.
Will I need glasses after combined treatment?
The aim is not to eliminate the prescription completely but to regularise the cornea. Vision improves markedly in many patients; however, a mild prescription may remain and can be corrected with glasses or soft lenses.
Combined treatment or corneal ring segments?
Combined treatment is preferred in mild to moderate cases with adequate corneal thickness; corneal ring segments/CAIRS come to the fore for steeper cones or thinner corneas. The choice is based on tomography measurements.
Can both eyes be treated on the same day?
Yes. In Prof. Dr. Fırat Helvacıoğlu’s practice, the laser and cross-linking are performed in the same session, and in suitable patients both eyes can be treated on the same day. As both eyes will be gritty and blurred for the first few days, rest should be planned for this period.
Is Your Prescription Changing Often? Could It Be Keratoconus?Blog article
Is it normal for my prescription to change every year?
It can be normal in childhood and up to the early 20s. Between the ages of 20 and 40, a prescription that changes every year — especially if astigmatism is increasing — requires an examination and a corneal map.
More: Is Your Prescription Changing Often? Could It Be Keratoconus? →
Can keratoconus be corrected with glasses?
In the early stage, good vision can be achieved with glasses. As the disease progresses, irregular astigmatism increases and specialty contact lenses or surgical treatments may be needed.
More: Is Your Prescription Changing Often? Could It Be Keratoconus? →
Can someone with keratoconus have laser eye surgery?
Conventional laser eye surgery is not performed because it can accelerate keratoconus. However, in suitable patients, special surface treatments combined with cross-linking may be an option.
More: Is Your Prescription Changing Often? Could It Be Keratoconus? →
Does eye rubbing cause keratoconus?
Frequent and forceful eye rubbing is considered an important risk factor for keratoconus. If there is itching, the allergy should be treated rather than rubbing the eyes.
More: Is Your Prescription Changing Often? Could It Be Keratoconus? →
Hybrid Treatment for Keratoconus: Personalised Surface Laser and Cross-LinkingBlog article
Is laser surgery performed in keratoconus?
Conventional laser eye surgery (LASIK, SMILE) is not performed in keratoconus. However, in selected patients, a special surface laser that regularises the corneal surface can be combined with cross-linking.
More: Hybrid Treatment for Keratoconus: Personalised Surface Laser and Cross-Linking →
Does hybrid treatment cure keratoconus completely?
Keratoconus does not disappear completely. The aim is to halt progression with cross-linking and to improve visual quality by regularising the surface.
More: Hybrid Treatment for Keratoconus: Personalised Surface Laser and Cross-Linking →
Will I need glasses after hybrid treatment?
Some patients may have a small residual prescription and need glasses or contact lenses. However, visual quality with or without glasses usually improves markedly.
More: Hybrid Treatment for Keratoconus: Personalised Surface Laser and Cross-Linking →
Is hybrid treatment painful?
The procedure is performed after numbing the eye with drops. As with surface laser, grittiness, watering and light sensitivity may occur for the first few days; these are relieved with a protective lens and drops.
More: Hybrid Treatment for Keratoconus: Personalised Surface Laser and Cross-Linking →
Who is not suitable for hybrid treatment?
People with very thin corneas, advanced keratoconus or deep corneal scars are generally not suitable. For these patients, options such as corneal ring segments, specialty lenses or corneal transplantation are considered.
More: Hybrid Treatment for Keratoconus: Personalised Surface Laser and Cross-Linking →
Retinal diseases 22 questions
Medical RetinaTreatment page
Can retinal diseases be treated?
Many can be treated or their progression slowed. In wet macular degeneration and diabetic macular oedema, intravitreal injections can preserve and even improve vision. Early diagnosis is the most important factor determining the outcome.
Are intravitreal injections painful?
The procedure is performed with anaesthetic drops; most patients feel only slight pressure. It takes a few minutes and you go home the same day.
How often should people with diabetes have an eye examination?
For people with diabetes without retinopathy, an annual dilated fundus examination is generally recommended; if retinopathy is detected, the interval is shortened according to its stage. More frequent examinations are needed during pregnancy.
Can I drive after a retinal examination?
The pupil-dilating drops cause blurred vision and light sensitivity for a few hours; you are advised not to drive during this time.
Diabetic RetinopathyTreatment page
Does diabetic retinopathy go away completely?
Damage that has already occurred in the retina often does not fully reverse; however, with early diagnosis and regular treatment, vision can largely be preserved, and many patients with macular oedema see an improvement.
Should I be examined even if my vision is good?
Yes. Diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms until an advanced stage; disease detected while vision is still good is treated much more successfully.
How many injections are needed?
Treatment usually starts with monthly injections for the first 3–5 months, after which the intervals are extended according to OCT findings. The total number varies from patient to patient.
Does retinal laser restore vision?
The aim of laser treatment is to preserve existing vision and halt progression; it usually does not restore vision that has been lost. It may cause some reduction in peripheral and night vision.
Can I have cataract surgery?
Yes, but retinopathy and macular oedema should be brought under control before surgery. If necessary, injection treatment is planned before or together with surgery.
Retinitis PigmentosaTreatment page
Does retinitis pigmentosa cause complete blindness?
The course of the disease varies from person to person and by genetic type. Many patients retain central vision for many years; some may develop severe vision loss later in life.
Will my child inherit it?
It depends on the pattern of inheritance. Genetic testing and genetic counselling help determine the likelihood of transmission to children.
Is night blindness always retinitis pigmentosa?
No. Vitamin A deficiency, high myopia, cataract and certain medications can also impair night vision. The differential diagnosis is made with an eye examination and tests.
Can gene therapy be used for everyone?
No. The approved gene therapy is only for patients with biallelic mutations in the RPE65 gene. Clinical trials are ongoing for other genes.
Can I drive?
Once the visual field narrows, driving may not be safe; fitness to drive is assessed with visual field testing.
Age-Related Macular DegenerationTreatment page
Does macular degeneration cause blindness?
It does not cause complete blindness; side vision is usually preserved. However, central vision can decrease severely, and tasks such as reading and driving may become impossible.
How long does treatment for the wet type last?
The wet type is a chronic disease; in most patients, injection treatment continues for many years with extended intervals. Regular follow-up is the key to preserving the vision gained.
Do vitamins prevent the disease?
Vitamins do not prevent the disease, but in patients with intermediate disease the AREDS2 formula can reduce the risk of progression to the advanced stage. Ask your doctor which supplement is suitable for you.
Does cataract surgery worsen macular degeneration?
Current evidence indicates that cataract surgery does not significantly worsen the disease. The macula is assessed with OCT before surgery; multifocal (trifocal) lenses are generally not recommended.
I have it in one eye — is my other eye at risk?
Yes, the risk of developing it in the other eye is increased. You are advised to check your other eye regularly with the Amsler grid and not to miss your examinations.
How Does Diabetes Affect Your Eyes?Blog article
Can diabetic retinopathy be reversed?
In the early stage, progression can be slowed with control of blood sugar and blood pressure. In the advanced stage, the aim of treatment is to preserve vision; damage that has already occurred does not always reverse.
My vision is good — do I still need an examination?
Yes. Diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms until an advanced stage. Changes detected early are much easier to treat.
Can a person with diabetes have cataract surgery?
Yes. Before surgery, the condition of the retina, especially the macula, is assessed, and the retina is treated first if necessary.
Eye diseases and eye health 83 questions
Eye Diseases and TreatmentsTreatment page
How do I book an appointment?
You can book an appointment via WhatsApp or by phone on +90 533 028 04 73. Please bring your glasses, contact lenses and a list of your medications to the examination.
Do you see international patients?
Yes. International patients can send their eye reports via WhatsApp in advance for a preliminary assessment. Consultations are available in English.
BlepharitisTreatment page
Is blepharitis contagious?
No, blepharitis is not contagious. However, not sharing towels and eye make-up is recommended for general hygiene.
Does blepharitis go away completely?
Blepharitis is usually chronic and recurrent. With regular lid care, symptoms can be kept under control in most patients.
Can I wear eye make-up?
During flare-ups, it is advisable to stop wearing eye make-up; afterwards, avoid products applied at the lash line and remove make-up thoroughly every night.
Are styes and chalazia related to blepharitis?
Yes. Blockage of the meibomian glands predisposes to recurrent styes and chalazia; treating blepharitis reduces their recurrence.
Blepharoplasty – Eyelid SurgeryTreatment page
Does blepharoplasty leave a scar?
In the upper eyelid, the incision is hidden in the natural crease and in most patients becomes almost unnoticeable over time.
Is the operation painful?
It is performed under local anaesthesia, so no pain is felt during surgery. Mild tightness and soreness afterwards are controlled with simple painkillers.
When can I return to work?
Most people return to work and social life within 7–10 days; bruising can be covered with make-up by then.
Are the results permanent?
The skin that is removed does not grow back; however, as ageing continues, some laxity may develop over the years.
Is it the same as a droopy eyelid (ptosis)?
No. Blepharoplasty removes excess skin, whereas ptosis is weakness of the muscle that lifts the eyelid and is corrected with a different operation. Some patients need both.
Glaucoma TreatmentTreatment page
Does vision lost to glaucoma return?
No. Nerve fibres damaged by glaucoma do not regenerate. The aim of treatment is to preserve the remaining vision, which is why early diagnosis is so important.
Does high eye pressure mean I have glaucoma?
Not always. Raised pressure without nerve damage is called ocular hypertension; these people are at risk of glaucoma and are monitored, with treatment started when necessary.
Are glaucoma drops used for life?
In most patients, yes. However, SLT laser or surgery may reduce or eliminate the need for drops.
Is SLT laser painful, and how long does it take?
SLT is performed with anaesthetic drops and takes a few minutes; no pain is felt during the procedure, although mild pressure or stinging may occur. You can return to your daily activities the same day.
Is glaucoma hereditary?
The risk is markedly higher in people with a family history of glaucoma. People whose first-degree relatives have glaucoma are advised to be examined even before the age of 40.
Is cataract surgery good for glaucoma?
Particularly in narrow-angle and angle-closure glaucoma, removing the lens can widen the angle and lower the pressure. Suitability is determined by examination and angle measurements.
Dry Eye Disease and TreatmentTreatment page
Does dry eye go away completely?
Dry eye is often a chronic condition; however, with the right treatment and daily measures, symptoms can largely be controlled.
How often can I use artificial tears?
Preservative-free artificial tears can be used as often as needed during the day. Using drops containing preservatives more than 4–6 times a day can irritate the ocular surface.
My eyes water — can I still have dry eye?
Yes. A drying ocular surface can reflexively produce excessive tears. The cause of watering is distinguished at examination; tear duct obstruction can cause similar symptoms.
Can I have laser eye surgery if I have dry eye?
Significant dry eye must be treated first. Once the ocular surface has improved, laser surgery can be planned with a suitable method; some methods are more favourable in terms of dry eye.
Is a punctal plug painful?
It is inserted in a few minutes in the clinic with anaesthetic drops; most patients feel no pain, and it can be removed if necessary.
Comprehensive Eye ExaminationTreatment page
How long does an eye examination take?
A comprehensive examination with pupil dilation usually takes 45–90 minutes including waiting time.
Does a sight test at an optician replace an eye examination?
No. A sight test assesses visual acuity; a medical examination is needed to detect glaucoma, retinal and other eye diseases.
My child has no complaints — should they still be examined?
Yes. Children may not notice that one eye does not see well. When a lazy eye is treated at an early age, the success rate is much higher.
Can I go to work after a dilated fundus examination?
Yes; however, you may have difficulty seeing up close and be bothered by light for a few hours. You are advised not to drive.
Tear Duct Obstruction and DCR SurgeryTreatment page
Does DCR surgery leave a scar?
In external DCR, a small incision is made on the side of the nose, and in most patients the scar becomes inconspicuous over time. The endonasal approach involves no skin incision.
My baby’s eye is watering — what should I do?
Congenital tear duct obstruction often opens on its own within the first year. Massage of the sac is performed as shown by the doctor; antibiotics may be needed if there is discharge. If it does not open, probing is planned.
What happens if I do not have surgery?
Watering will continue and recurrent infections of the sac (dacryocystitis) may develop. Because of the risk of infection, treating the obstruction is recommended before intraocular surgery such as cataract surgery.
When is the silicone tube removed?
Usually within 2–6 months; it is removed in the clinic in a few seconds; no pain is expected during the procedure.
Corneal Diseases and TreatmentsTreatment page
Can a corneal transplant be rejected?
Corneal transplantation is one of the most successful tissue transplants; nevertheless, rejection can occur. If redness, pain, light sensitivity or reduced vision develop, seek care immediately; most rejection episodes treated early can be reversed.
When does vision improve after a corneal transplant?
It depends on the technique. After endothelial transplantation (DMEK), vision clears within weeks, whereas after full-thickness transplantation it may take months to reach final vision because of sutures and astigmatism.
How can I donate my corneas?
Corneas are donated as part of organ donation; eye colour, age or wearing glasses are usually not barriers to corneal donation. You can register as an organ donor through the national organ donation registry in your country.
Does herpes keratitis recur?
Yes, because the herpes virus lies dormant in the nerves, it can recur. For patients with frequent recurrences, preventive antiviral treatment may be recommended.
Pterygium and PingueculaTreatment page
Does a pterygium go away on its own?
No. A pterygium does not regress on its own; some remain stable for years while others advance towards the cornea. Monitoring and, when necessary, surgery are recommended.
How long does pterygium surgery take?
Surgery with an autograft usually takes 30–45 minutes and is performed under local anaesthesia; you go home the same day.
Does it come back after surgery?
With an autograft and, when needed, mitomycin C, the risk of recurrence is markedly reduced; recurrence can still occur, particularly in young patients with heavy sun exposure. Sun protection is important.
Does a pinguecula require surgery?
Usually not. It is monitored with drops and sun protection; rarely, it may be removed if it becomes frequently inflamed or causes cosmetic concern.
Does a pterygium affect vision?
It can cause astigmatism by pulling on the cornea, and can obstruct vision when it advances into the pupil area.
Strabismus SurgeryTreatment page
At what age can strabismus surgery be performed?
There is no age limit. For congenital inward turns it is usually performed at an early age; for other types, timing depends on the size of the deviation, vision and amblyopia treatment. It is also performed successfully in adults.
Is the eye removed during surgery?
No. Surgery is performed on the external muscles, reached through the thin membrane over the white of the eye; the eye is not removed from its socket.
Will I need glasses after surgery?
If you have a refractive error, you will need to continue wearing glasses. Glasses may be part of the treatment of strabismus.
Does strabismus correct itself?
Apart from temporary eye turns in the first months of life, strabismus usually does not resolve on its own. Early examination is important to prevent a lazy eye in children.
Is surgery worthwhile in adulthood?
Yes. Adult strabismus surgery can eliminate double vision, expand the field of vision and markedly improve psychosocial well-being.
Is Laser Eye Surgery Harmful?Blog article
Is laser eye surgery the same as radial keratotomy?
No, medically they are not the same. Radial keratotomy is a blade-based procedure of the 1980s that is no longer performed. Today’s procedures are carried out with computer-controlled lasers.
Can laser eye surgery cause blindness?
In appropriately selected patients, serious vision loss is extremely rare. The way to minimise the risks is to perform all measurements, such as the corneal map and thickness, thoroughly before surgery and not to operate on unsuitable eyes.
At what age is laser eye surgery performed?
It is usually performed after the age of 18, if the prescription has not changed significantly for at least a year. The need for near vision after 40 is also taken into account in planning.
I had radial keratotomy years ago — what should I do?
In eyes that have had radial keratotomy, the prescription can change over the years. If laser or cataract surgery is planned in these eyes, special measurements and lens calculation formulas are required; a detailed examination determines the right option for you.
Is Bleeding in the Eye Dangerous?Blog article
A red patch has appeared on my eye — what should I do?
If there is no pain and your vision is normal, it is most likely a simple haemorrhage on the white of the eye and will clear on its own within 1–2 weeks. If it appeared after an injury, recurs frequently or your vision is affected, you should have an eye examination.
Can high blood pressure cause bleeding in the eye?
Yes. High blood pressure is one of the important risk factors for haemorrhages on the white of the eye, especially in older people; it can also cause bleeding in the retina. If haemorrhages recur, having your blood pressure measured is recommended.
Does bleeding in the eye go away on its own?
Haemorrhages on the white of the eye usually clear within 1–2 weeks. Bleeding inside the eye is absorbed slowly and, most importantly, the underlying cause (such as a retinal tear or diabetes) must be treated.
Should I stop my blood-thinning medication?
No, do not stop your medication on your own. The decision must be made together with the doctor who prescribed it. In most cases, a haemorrhage on the white of the eye does not require stopping the medication.
I received a blow to the eye and there is bleeding — what should I do?
Bleeding after an injury always requires an examination. There may be blood in the anterior chamber (hyphaema), a rise in eye pressure or retinal damage. Without rubbing or pressing on your eye, see an ophthalmologist the same day.
Why Do Your Eyes Water? Causes and Treatment of Watery EyesBlog article
Why does my eye water constantly?
Either too many tears are being produced (wind, allergy, dry eye, a foreign body) or the drainage pathway from the eye to the nose is blocked. The cause is identified by examination and, if necessary, a syringing test.
More: Why Do Your Eyes Water? Causes and Treatment of Watery Eyes →
Can dry eye cause watering?
Yes. A drying ocular surface reflexively produces excess tears. Dry eye is therefore one of the common causes of watering.
More: Why Do Your Eyes Water? Causes and Treatment of Watery Eyes →
Does a blocked tear duct open on its own?
In babies it often opens on its own within the first year. In adults it usually does not resolve on its own and requires treatment.
More: Why Do Your Eyes Water? Causes and Treatment of Watery Eyes →
What is DCR surgery?
It is an operation that creates a new passage between the lacrimal sac and the nose. When the duct to the nose is blocked, it allows tears to drain into the nose again.
More: Why Do Your Eyes Water? Causes and Treatment of Watery Eyes →
My baby’s eye waters constantly — what should I do?
Congenital tear duct obstruction is common and most open on their own. The massage your doctor shows you is recommended; if there is infection or it has not resolved by one year of age, an examination and a simple probing may be needed.
More: Why Do Your Eyes Water? Causes and Treatment of Watery Eyes →
How Is Glaucoma Treated?Blog article
Does glaucoma go away completely?
Glaucoma is usually a lifelong disease; it is kept under control with treatment. The aim is to prevent further damage to the optic nerve.
Are glaucoma drops used for life?
In most patients, yes. In some patients, laser or surgical treatment may reduce or eliminate the need for drops.
Does glaucoma cause symptoms?
Open-angle glaucoma usually causes no symptoms. Acute angle closure, on the other hand, presents with sudden pain, redness, blurred vision and nausea.
What should eye pressure be?
Generally, 10–21 mmHg is considered normal. However, the target pressure differs for each eye; corneal thickness and the condition of the optic nerve are assessed together.
Can glaucoma cause blindness?
Untreated glaucoma can cause permanent vision loss. With early diagnosis and regular treatment, vision is preserved in most patients.
Can Diseases Be Diagnosed From Tears?Blog article
Can diseases be diagnosed with a tear test?
Tear measurements are used for some eye diseases. For systemic diseases, however, tear tests are still at the research stage and are not used in routine diagnosis.
How are tears collected?
They are collected in a few minutes with a thin paper strip placed on the lower eyelid or with a capillary tube; no pain is expected during the procedure.
Can MS be diagnosed from tears?
Studies have shown that some proteins differ in the tears of people with MS. However, these findings have not yet become a test that can be used for diagnosis.
What do tears contain?
In addition to water and salts, tears contain proteins, lipids, metabolites, antibodies and RNA fragments. Their amounts can vary with changes in the eye and the body.
When will these tests come into use?
It is not possible to give a definite date. The findings need to be confirmed in large patient groups and the measurement methods standardised.
Why Do Your Eyes Get Dry in Winter? Practical Tips for Dry EyeBlog article
Why do my eyes get drier in winter?
Central heating dries the air, we spend longer looking at screens indoors and blinking decreases. As a result, tears evaporate faster.
More: Why Do Your Eyes Get Dry in Winter? Practical Tips for Dry Eye →
Why does dry eye cause watering?
When the ocular surface dries, it reflexively produces excess but poor-quality tears. That is why many people with dry eye actually complain of watering.
More: Why Do Your Eyes Get Dry in Winter? Practical Tips for Dry Eye →
Can artificial tears be used every day?
Yes, preservative-free artificial tears can be used safely several times a day as needed.
More: Why Do Your Eyes Get Dry in Winter? Practical Tips for Dry Eye →
Is omega-3 good for dry eye?
A diet rich in omega-3 is recommended for general health. Studies on the effect of omega-3 supplements on dry eye have produced mixed results; consult your doctor before starting supplements.
More: Why Do Your Eyes Get Dry in Winter? Practical Tips for Dry Eye →
Is dry eye permanent?
It is often a chronic condition, but with the right treatment and changes in habits, symptoms can be well controlled.
More: Why Do Your Eyes Get Dry in Winter? Practical Tips for Dry Eye →
What Is Colour Blindness, and How Is It Tested?Blog article
How is colour blindness detected?
It is detected with tests such as colour plates. If you have difficulty reading numbers hidden among dots, an eye examination is recommended.
Are daltonism and colour blindness the same thing?
Daltonism is commonly used for the most frequent type, red–green colour vision deficiency. Complete colour blindness, in which no colours can be seen (achromatopsia), is very rare and a separate condition.
Why is colour blindness more common in men?
The genes for the most common red–green colour vision deficiency are on the X chromosome. Because men have only one X chromosome, the condition is much more common in men.
Can colour blindness be treated?
There is currently no definitive treatment for congenital colour vision deficiency. For acquired colour vision loss, treating the underlying cause is important.
Can people with colour blindness get a driving licence?
Many people with colour vision deficiency can obtain a driving licence. However, requirements may differ by occupation and licence type, so the relevant medical fitness criteria in your country should be checked.
Thyroid Eye Disease: Symptoms and TreatmentBlog article
Does thyroid eye disease go away?
The active inflammatory phase usually settles within a few months to two years. Some changes may improve on their own; those that remain can be corrected surgically in the inactive phase.
Does thyroid disease make the eyes bigger?
The eyeball does not enlarge; the tissues and muscles behind the eye swell, pushing the eye forward and retracting the eyelids. This makes the eyes look bigger.
Does Hashimoto’s disease affect the eyes?
Hashimoto’s disease more often causes dry eye and puffiness around the eyes. Less commonly, thyroid eye disease can also develop.
When is eyelid surgery performed in thyroid eye disease?
Usually once the disease has been inactive for at least a few months, and after decompression and strabismus surgery if these are needed.
I have thyroid disease — how often should I have an eye examination?
If you have no eye symptoms, one eye examination at diagnosis and during treatment may be sufficient. If you have symptoms, the follow-up interval is determined by disease activity.
Prof. Dr. Fırat Helvacıoğlu and appointments 4 questions
About Prof. Dr. Fırat HelvacıoğluTreatment page
Where does Prof. Dr. Fırat Helvacıoğlu see patients?
He sees patients at Veni Vidi Eye Clinic, Bağdat Caddesi No: 257, Caddebostan, Kadıköy, Istanbul. To book an appointment, call +90 533 028 04 73 or send a message via WhatsApp.
Which operations does he perform?
His main areas of expertise are cataract and smart lens surgery, laser eye surgery such as SMILE Pro, No Touch and Femto-LASIK, Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) surgery and keratoconus treatment.
What does FEBOS-CR mean?
FEBOS-CR (Fellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology Subspecialty – Cataract & Refractive Surgery) is the European Board of Ophthalmology (EBO) subspecialty diploma in cataract and refractive surgery. Prof. Dr. Helvacıoğlu was one of the first ophthalmologists to be awarded this title.
Does he treat international patients?
Yes. Patients from abroad can send their previous eye reports via WhatsApp to receive a personalised treatment plan and quote before travelling. Consultations are available in English, and follow-up after returning home can be continued with the patient’s own ophthalmologist.
Couldn’t find the answer to your question?
Prof. Dr. Fırat Helvacıoğlu · Veni Vidi Eye Clinic, Bağdat Caddesi No: 257, Caddebostan – Kadıköy, Istanbul, Türkiye
The information on this page is for general information only and does not replace an examination and personal assessment.